Bespoke wound treatment apparatuses and methods for use in negative pressure wound therapy

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed relating to the creation and use of bespoke wound fillers and other wound treatment apparatuses. Some embodiments provide for the creation of bespoke wound fillers based on characteristics of a wound. Certain embodiments also include the use of bespoke wound fillers in combination with negative pressure to treat a wound.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/420,134, filed Feb. 6, 2015, which is a U.S. National Phase ofPCT International Application No. PCT/IB2013/002494, filed Aug. 8, 2013entitled BESPOKE WOUND TREATMENT APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR USE INNEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/681,093, filed Aug. 8, 2012 entitledBESPOKE WOUND FILLER DEVICES. The contents of the aforementionedapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties asif fully set forth herein. The benefit of priority to the foregoingapplications is claimed under the appropriate legal basis, including,without limitation, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

Embodiments described herein relate to wound fillers, in particularwound fillers for use with negative pressure wound therapy, and that maybe fabricated or created in a bespoke or custom manner for use in woundtreatment.

Description of the Related Art

Wound fillers, especially for use in negative pressure therapy, play acritical role in wound treatment. Nevertheless, sizing wound fillers foruse in a wound can be difficult, time consuming, and imperfect,especially for irregularly-shaped wounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, embodiments described herein relate to devices, methods,and systems for providing bespoke or customized wound fillers for thetreatment of a wound. In certain embodiments, a bespoke wound filler isfabricated and optimized for use with negative pressure wound therapy.Preferably, a bespoke wound filler may be created by obtaining athree-dimensional scan or model of a wound, and manufacturing a bespokewound filler configured to be used with the wound.

In certain embodiments, a method of manufacturing a wound filler for usein negative pressure wound therapy comprises: scanning a wound to obtaina three-dimensional model of a wound space to be treated with negativepressure wound therapy; modifying the three-dimensional model of thewound space to generate a three-dimensional model of a wound filler,wherein said modifying accounts for attributes of the wound and for anegative pressure wound therapy treatment modality; and fabricating awound filler based on the generated three-dimensional model of the woundfiller.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional model of the wound space isobtained using a device selected from the group consisting of laserscanners, stereo-optical scanners, and cameras with depth sensors. Incertain embodiments, the three-dimensional model of the wound filler isgenerated using a repeating building block. In further embodiments, thethree-dimensional model of the wound filler comprises repeating blockshaving different characteristics for positioning in different parts ofthe wound space.

In certain embodiments involving the aforementioned method ofmanufacturing a wound filler for use in negative pressure wound therapy,modification of the three-dimensional model of the wound space accountsfor one or more tissue types present in the wound volume. Someembodiments provide for a wound filler that is fabricated with athree-dimensional printer. In some embodiments, generating thethree-dimensional model of the wound filler comprises determining asuitable porosity for the wound filler. In further embodiments, thethree-dimensional model of the wound filler has variable porosity.

In some embodiments, fabricating the wound filler comprises fabricatinga first wound contacting portion of the wound filler using a firstporosity, and fabricating a second portion of the wound filler using asecond porosity, the first porosity being smaller than the secondporosity. In further embodiments, the wound filler is fabricated from apolymer. In some embodiments, the wound filler is fabricated from aporous scaffolding material.

In certain embodiments, fabricating the wound filler further comprisesseeding the wound filler with one or more of cells or cell growthpromoters. In further embodiments, the wound filler is fabricated fromtwo or more different materials.

In another embodiment, an apparatus for treating a wound with negativepressure therapy is provided, comprising a bespoke wound filler having acontrolled porosity adapted to treat the wound with negative pressurewound therapy and having a shape and configuration constructed to customfit into the wound. In certain embodiments, the apparatus furthercomprises a drape configured to be placed over the bespoke wound fillerand to be sealed to skin surrounding the wound. In other embodiments,the apparatus further comprises a port configured to connect the drapeto a source of negative pressure. In further embodiments, the apparatuscomprises a source of negative pressure configured to apply negativepressure to the wound filler under the drape.

In some embodiments, the bespoke wound filler comprises repeatingbuilding blocks. In further embodiments, the bespoke wound fillercomprises repeating building blocks having different characteristics forpositioning in different parts of the wound. Some embodiments providefor the bespoke wound filler to have a varying porosity. In furtherembodiments, the bespoke wound filler comprises a material with smallerpores which encapsulates or is placed underneath a material with largerpores. In some embodiments, the smaller pores measure between 20 to 150μm, and the larger pores measure between 400-3000 μm. In furtherembodiments, the bespoke wound filler has a porosity configured forcontact with two or more different tissue types, and wherein theporosity of the filler configured to contact the two or more differenttissue types is different.

Some embodiments provide for a method of treating a wound with negativepressure wound therapy using any of the apparatuses described herein inthis section or any other section of this specification, comprisingplacing the bespoke wound filler into the wound and treating the woundwith negative pressure wound therapy.

Some embodiments provide for a bespoke wound filler that is manufacturedby scanning the wound to obtain a three-dimensional model of a woundspace to be treated with negative pressure; modifying thethree-dimensional model to account for attributes of the wound and for anegative pressure wound therapy treatment modality; and fabricating thebespoke wound filler based on the modified three-dimensional model.

In any of the embodiments of the apparatuses and/or methods describedherein, a bespoke wound treatment apparatus may comprise constructingnot only a bespoke wound filler, but also constructing other componentsof the wound treatment apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatusesand methods described herein may be utilized to construct an entire orportion of a wound dressing which may comprise multiple layers, such asa wound contact layer, absorbent layer, wound cover, overlay or drape, aport, a conduit, a fluidic connector and a negative pressure source. Insome embodiments, a combination of the components of a wound dressing(e.g., a wound filler and a wound overlay) may be made in a customizedmanner wherein the combined structure is manufactured as a single entityaccording to the methods described herein.

In any of the embodiments of the apparatuses and/or methods describedherein, a bespoke wound treatment apparatus may comprise componentsconfigured to irrigate a wound. In certain embodiments of the methodsdescribed herein, a bespoke wound filler placed in a wound is laterreplaced by a different bespoke wound filler after an interval of timehas passed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparentfrom the following detailed description of the invention, taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a negative pressure system.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a wound with irregular margins.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the wound from FIG. 1 filled withan embodiment of a bespoke wound filler and used in conjunction with anegative pressure treatment system.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a wound comprising multiple tissuetypes being treated with an embodiment of a bespoke wound filler used inconjunction with a negative pressure treatment system.

FIGS. 5A-C are photographs of an embodiment of a repeating buildingblock that may be used as a bespoke wound filler system.

FIGS. 6A-B are schematic illustrations of embodiments of a woundtreatment apparatus comprising a bespoke wound filler.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to apparatuses and methods oftreating a wound, especially with reduced pressure. Embodiments for usewith negative pressure include pump and wound dressing components andapparatuses. The apparatuses and components comprising the wound overlayand packing materials, if any, are sometimes collectively referred toherein as dressings.

It will be appreciated that throughout this specification reference ismade to a wound. It is to be understood that the term wound is to bebroadly construed and encompasses open and closed wounds in which skinis torn, cut or punctured or where trauma causes a contusion, or anyother superficial or other conditions or imperfections on the skin of apatient or otherwise that benefit from reduced pressure treatment. Awound is thus broadly defined as any damaged region of tissue wherefluid may or may not be produced. Examples of such wounds include, butare not limited to, abdominal wounds or other large or incisionalwounds, either as a result of surgery, trauma, sternotomies,fasciotomies, or other conditions, dehisced wounds, acute wounds,chronic wounds, subacute and dehisced wounds, traumatic wounds, flapsand skin grafts, lacerations, abrasions, contusions, burns, electricalburns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, stoma, surgical wounds, traumaand venous ulcers or the like.

As is used herein, reduced or negative pressure levels, such as −X mmHg,represent pressure levels that are below standard atmospheric pressure,which corresponds to 760 mmHg (or 1 atm, 29.93 inHg, 101.325 kPa, 14.696psi, etc.). Accordingly, a negative pressure value of −X mmHg reflectsabsolute pressure that is X mmHg below 760 mmHg or, in other words, anabsolute pressure of (760−X) mmHg. In addition, negative pressure thatis “less” or “smaller” than X mmHg corresponds to pressure that iscloser to atmospheric pressure (e.g., −40 mmHg is less than −60 mmHg).Negative pressure that is “more” or “greater” than −X mmHg correspondsto pressure that is further from atmospheric pressure (e.g., −80 mmHg ismore than −60 mmHg).

The negative pressure range for some embodiments of the presentdisclosure can be approximately −80 mmHg, or between about −20 mmHg and−200 mmHg. Note that these pressures are relative to normal ambientatmospheric pressure. Thus, −200 mmHg would be about 560 mmHg inpractical terms. In some embodiments, the pressure range can be betweenabout −40 mmHg and −150 mmHg. Alternatively a pressure range of up to−75 mmHg, up to −80 mmHg or over −80 mmHg can be used. Also in otherembodiments a pressure range of below −75 mmHg can be used.Alternatively, a pressure range of over approximately −100 mmHg, or even150 mmHg, can be supplied by the negative pressure apparatus. In someembodiments, the negative pressure range can be as small as about −20mmHg or about −25 mmHg, which may be useful to reduce fistulas. In someembodiments of wound closure devices described here, increased woundcontraction can lead to increased tissue expansion in the surroundingwound tissue. This effect may be increased by varying the force appliedto the tissue, for example by varying the negative pressure applied tothe wound over time, possibly in conjunction with increased tensileforces applied to the wound via embodiments of the wound closuredevices. In some embodiments, negative pressure may be varied over timefor example using a sinusoidal wave, square wave, and/or insynchronization with one or more patient physiological indices (e.g.,heartbeat). Examples of such applications where additional disclosurerelating to the preceding may be found include application Ser. No.11/919,355, titled “WOUND TREATMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD,” filed Oct.26, 2007, published as US 2009/0306609; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,753,894,titled “WOUND CLEANSING APPARATUS WITH STRESS,” issued Jul. 13, 2010.Both applications are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

Turning to FIG. 1, treatment of a wound with negative pressure incertain embodiments uses a negative pressure treatment system 101 asillustrated schematically here. In this embodiment, a wound site 110,illustrated here as an abdominal wound site, may benefit from treatmentwith negative pressure. However, many different types of wounds may betreated by such a method, and the abdominal wound illustrated here ismerely one particular example. Such abdominal wound sites may be aresult of, for example, an accident or due to surgical intervention. Insome cases, medical conditions such as abdominal compartment syndrome,abdominal hypertension, sepsis, or fluid edema may require decompressionof the abdomen with a surgical incision through the abdominal wall toexpose the peritoneal space, after which the opening may need to bemaintained in an open, accessible state until the condition resolves.Other conditions may also necessitate that an opening remain open, forexample if multiple surgical procedures are required (possiblyincidental to trauma), or there is evidence of clinical conditions suchas peritonitis or necrotizing fasciitis.

In cases where there is a wound, particularly in the abdomen, managementof possible complications relating to the exposure of organs and theperitoneal space is desired, whether or not the wound is to remain openor if it will be closed. Therapy, preferably using the application ofnegative pressure, can be targeted to minimize the risk of infection,while promoting tissue viability and the removal of deleterioussubstances from the wound site. The application of reduced or negativepressure to a wound site has been found to generally promote fasterhealing, increased blood flow, decreased bacterial burden, increasedrate of granulation tissue formation, to stimulate the proliferation offibroblasts, stimulate the proliferation of endothelial cells, closechronic open wounds, inhibit burn penetration, and/or enhance flap andgraft attachment, among other things. It has also been reported thatwounds that have exhibited positive responses to treatment by theapplication of negative pressure include infected open wounds, decubitusulcers, dehisced incisions, partial thickness burns, and various lesionsto which flaps or grafts have been attached. Consequently, theapplication of negative pressure to a wound site 110 can be beneficialto a patient.

Accordingly, certain embodiments provide for a wound contact layer 105to be placed over the wound site 110. Preferably, the wound contactlayer 105 can be a thin, flexible material which will not adhere to thewound site or the exposed viscera in close proximity. For example,polymers such as polyurethane, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, orblends thereof may be used. In one embodiment, the wound contact layeris permeable. For example, the wound contact layer 105 can be providedwith openings, such as holes, slits, or channels, to allow the removalof fluids from the wound site 110 or the transmittal of negativepressure to the wound site 110. Additional embodiments of the woundcontact layer 105 are described in further detail below.

Certain embodiments of the negative pressure treatment system 101 mayalso use a wound filler 103, which may be a bespoke wound filler as willbe described in much greater detail below and which can be disposed overthe wound contact layer 105 or into direct contact with the wound. Thewound filler 103 shown in FIG. 1 is merely illustrative of oneconfiguration of a wound filler that may be utilized, wherein portionsof the wound filler may be torn away to appropriately size the woundfiller. In some embodiments, the bespoke wound fillers described ingreater detail below eliminate the need to provide a wound filler thatneeds to be cut or sized by the clinician before applying the woundfiller into the wound. In certain embodiments, the wound filler of anyof the embodiments described herein is applied directly to the woundwith or without a wound contact layer 105 and/or a drape 107. Thisfiller 103 can be constructed from a porous material, for example foam,that is soft, resiliently flexible, and generally conformable to thewound site 110. Such a foam can include an open-celled and reticulatedfoam made, for example, of a polymer. Suitable foams include foamscomposed of, for example, polyurethane, silicone, and polyvinyl alcohol.In certain embodiments, this filler 103 can channel wound exudate andother fluids through itself when negative pressure is applied to thewound. Some fillers 103 may include preformed channels or openings forsuch purposes. Other embodiments of wound fillers that may be used inplace of or in addition to the filler 103 are discussed in furtherdetail below.

In some embodiments, a drape 107 is used to seal the wound site 110. Thedrape 107 can be at least partially liquid impermeable, such that atleast a partial negative pressure may be maintained at the wound site.Suitable materials for the drape 107 include, without limitation,synthetic polymeric materials that do not significantly absorb aqueousfluids, including polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene,polyurethanes, polysiloxanes, polyamides, polyesters, and othercopolymers and mixtures thereof. The materials used in the drape may behydrophobic or hydrophilic. Examples of suitable materials includeTranseal® available from DeRoyal and OpSite® available from Smith &Nephew. In order to aid patient comfort and avoid skin maceration, thedrapes in certain embodiments are at least partly breathable, such thatwater vapor is able to pass through without remaining trapped under thedressing. An adhesive layer may be provided on at least a portion theunderside of the drape 107 to secure the drape to the skin of thepatient, although certain embodiments may instead use a separateadhesive or adhesive strip. Optionally, a release layer may be disposedover the adhesive layer to protect it prior to use and to facilitatehandling of the drape 107; in some embodiments, the release layer may becomposed of multiple sections.

The negative pressure system 101 can be connected to a source ofnegative pressure, for example a pump 114. One example of a suitablepump is the Renasys EZ pump available from Smith & Nephew. The drape 107may be connected to the source of negative pressure 114 via a conduit112. The conduit 112 may be connected to a port 113 situated over anaperture 109 in the drape 107, or else the conduit 112 may be connecteddirectly through the aperture 109 without the use of a port. In afurther alternative, the conduit may pass underneath the drape andextend from a side of the drape. U.S. application Ser. No. 10/533,275,filed Oct. 28, 2003, titled “APPARATUS FOR ASPIRATING, IRRIGATING, ANDCLEANSING WOUNDS,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,524,315 discloses othersimilar aspects of negative pressure systems and is hereby incorporatedby reference in its entirety. All references in this application thatare incorporated in their entireties should be considered as if fullyset forth herein.

In many applications, a container or other storage unit 115 may beinterposed between the source of negative pressure 114 and the conduit112 so as to permit wound exudate and other fluids removed from thewound site to be stored without entering the source of negativepressure. Certain types of negative pressure sources—for example,peristaltic pumps—may also permit a container 115 to be placed after thepump 114. Some embodiments may also use a filter to prevent fluids,aerosols, and other microbial contaminants from leaving the container115 and/or entering the source of negative pressure 114. Furtherembodiments may also include a shut-off valve or occluding hydrophobicand/or oleophobic filter in the container to prevent overflow; otherembodiments may include sensing means, such as capacitive sensors orother fluid level detectors that act to stop or shut off the source ofnegative pressure should the level of fluid in the container be nearingcapacity. At the pump exhaust, it may also be preferable to provide anodor filter, such as an activated charcoal canister. In furtherembodiments, the aforementioned wound treatment system may be combinedwith a fluid source to allow for irrigation of the wound.

In other embodiments, a negative pressure wound therapy apparatus mayutilize a canister-less system, such as the PICO system available fromSmith & Nephew. In some embodiments, a wound dressing may be providedcomprising an absorbent layer such as a superabsorbing materialconfigured to store wound exudate therein. The absorbent layer may becontained between a wound cover or backing layer and an optional woundcontact layer, and the entire dressing may include a port configured tobe connected to a source of negative pressure. Such dressings mayinclude multiple layers configured to facilitate transmission ofnegative pressure to a wound site and also to promote flow of fluid intothe absorbent layer. Further details regarding wound treatmentapparatuses and methods incorporating absorbent materials, transmissionlayers and other components are found in U.S. application Ser. No.10/575,871, filed Jan. 29, 2007, titled “WOUND CLEANSING APPARATUSIN-SITU,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,766; U.S. application Ser. No.12/744,055, filed May 20, 2010, titled “VACUUM ASSISTED WOUND DRESSING,”published as US2011/0009838; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/744,277, filedSep. 20, 2010, titled “WOUND DRESSING,” published as US2011/0028918;U.S. application Ser. No. 12/744,218, filed Sep. 20, 2010, titled “WOUNDDRESSING,” published as US2011/0054421; U.S. application Ser. No.13/092,042, filed Apr. 21, 2011, titled “WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OFUSE,” published as US2011/0282309; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/432,855,filed May 11, 2006, titled “DEVICE AND METHOD FOR WOUND THERAPY,” issuedas U.S. Pat. No. 7,615,036; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/610,458, filedDec. 13, 2006, titled “DEVICE AND METHOD FOR WOUND THERAPY,” issued asU.S. Pat. No. 7,779,625; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/592,049, filedNov. 18, 2009, titled “DEVICE AND METHOD FOR WOUND THERAPY,” issued asU.S. Pat. No. 8,460,255; PCT Application No. PCT/US13/53075, filed Jul.31, 2013, titled “WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OF TREATMENT”; U.S.application Ser. No. 11/517,210, filed Sep. 6, 2006, titled “SELFCONTAINED WOUND DRESSING WITH MICROPUMP,” issued as U.S. Pat. No.7,569,742; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/516,925, filed Sep. 6, 2006,titled “WOUND DRESSING WITH VACUUM RESERVOIR,” issued as U.S. Pat. No.7,699,823; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/516,216, filed Sep. 6, 2006,titled “SELF-CONTAINED WOUND DRESSING APPARATUS,” published asUS2007/0055209; the entireties of each of which are hereby incorporatedby reference.

FIG. 2 illustrates a wound 201 that may require filling with a bespokewound filler so as to appropriately treat and heal the wound.Preferably, the wound 201 will be treated with negative pressure. Themargins and contours of the wound 201 as illustrated are irregular,rendering it difficult to fill the wound with conventional fillers.

FIG. 3 illustrates the wound 201 having a bespoke filler 203 insertedtherein. Preferably, a liquid-impermeable drape 205 is placed over thewound and sealed against skin proximate the wound margins, for examplewith an adhesive. An aperture 206 may be made into the drape 205 so asto provide a fluidic connection to a source of negative pressure (notillustrated) such as a vacuum pump. Preferably, the aperture 206communicates with a fluidic connector or port 207, which may be attachedto the source of negative pressure via a conduit 208. Further detailsregarding negative pressure systems, apparatuses and methods that may beutilized with the systems, apparatuses and methods described herein arefound in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/381,885, filed Dec. 30, 2011,titled “APPARATUSES AND METHODS FOR NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY,”published as US2012/0116334; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/886,088, filedSep. 20, 2010, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR USING NEGATIVE PRESSUREWOUND THERAPY TO MANAGE OPEN ABDOMINAL WOUNDS,” published asUS2011/0213287; U.S. application Ser. No. 13/092,042, filed Apr. 21,2011, titled “WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OF USE,” published asUS2011/0282309; the entireties of each of which are hereby incorporatedby reference.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a bespoke wound filler 203 used inconjunction with a wound 201. A drape 205 is placed over the wound 201and sealed (e.g., using an adhesive) against the surrounding skin nearthe wound margins. Preferably, an aperture 206 through the drape 205communicates with a source of negative pressure (not illustrated), and aport 207 may be used as a fluidic connector between the wound and thesource of negative pressure. A conduit 208 may communicate with thesource of negative pressure and the wound. Unlike FIG. 3, the wound 201in FIG. 4 comprises different tissue anatomy, including exposed boneareas 212, in addition to soft tissue areas 214. Of course, other tissuetypes may be present, including for example muscles, nerves, ligaments,tendons, or any other tissue that may become exposed within a wound.According to some embodiments described herein this section and ingreater detail below, the bespoke wound filler 203 is customized to thesize and environment of the wound 201. The wound filler 203 illustratedhere therefore comprises a first contacting area 222 configured tocontact the exposed bone areas 212 and a second contacting area 224configured to contact the soft tissue areas 214. In some embodiments,the first contacting area 222 may be occlusive, substantiallyfluid-impermeable, or have few to no pores, so as to limit the amount offluid removed from and negative pressure applied to, the exposed bonearea 212. In some embodiments, conversely, the second contacting area224, when configured to contact the soft tissue areas 214, may beconfigured to be porous so as to enhance fluid removal and granulationtissue growth upon application of negative pressure. In someembodiments, the interior body 226 of the bespoke wound filler 203 maybe of a different porosity than other areas; preferably, it comprises amaterial with greater porosity or larger pores than the wound-contactingsurfaces. Such configurations may be preferable to enhance fluidremoval, because, since the larger pores are not in contact with thewound 101, granulation tissue from the wound 101 will not grow into thelarger pores.

Generally, the bespoke filler 203 may be constructed so as to provide abespoke or custom fit into a wound 201. As will be described in greaterdetail below, various attributes of the bespoke filler may be modified,including its dimensions, density, material characteristics (includingthe use of multiple materials), physical characteristics, chemicalcharacteristics, molecular delivery mechanisms, structuralcharacteristics, and other attributes. In some embodiments, portions ofthe bespoke wound filler may have characteristics favorable to theapplication of negative pressure. In certain embodiments, the bespokewound filler may have characteristics that are favorable to theapplication of irrigation.

Generating a 3D Scan of a Wound

The general shape and configuration of the bespoke filler 203 ispreferably determined in relation to the shape and volume of the wound201. The shape and volume of the wound 201 may be determined by anysuitable method, but is preferably done by creating a three-dimensional(3D) scan of the wound 201. Although reference to 3D scans and/or 3Dmodeling is made herein this section and throughout the specification,2D scanning or 2D modeling may also be used in place of the 3D scansand/or 3D models.

Preferably, a device capable of obtaining a 3D scan of the wound 201 isused that does not make contact with the wound. Such devices includelaser scanners (particularly laser scanners employing triangulationtechniques), stereo-optical scanners, or cameras with depth sensors suchas those used in the Microsoft XBOX Kinect®. Other suitable devicesinclude 3D Systems' ZScanner® 800. Preferably, the 3D scan device iscapable of scanning a wound to an accuracy of at least about: 1 μm, 5μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 80 μm, or100 μm. In some embodiments, other methods of obtaining a scan may beused such as deriving a scan from an analog or digital image of thewound.

3D scans may also be generated via CT or MRI images, for example by“stacking” multiple images together to form a 3D model. In certainembodiments, devices that contact the wound (e.g., via a pressuresensitive stylus), may also be used. In other embodiments, physicalmolds of the wound may be used to create a 3D scan. These physical moldsmay be fabricated from any suitable material such as Jeltrate or otheralginate or silicone based materials often used for taking dentalimpressions.

In some embodiments, the tissue is stained with various markers that canbe used to generate a more accurate 3D model. For example, the wound maybe stained with markers that identify particular cell types that may bepresent at the wound site such as the various host cells of the patientor bacterial cells. Cell markers may give an improved overallunderstanding of the wound by indicating the different stages of healingof various areas of the wound or by providing information relating toinfection. Additional markers may be used to stain extra-cellular matrixproteins, thus providing information about the surrounding structure andstate of healing in the wound. Stained tissue can be imaged and analyzedvia any suitable imaging technique, such as fluorescence microscopy orother techniques. However, imaging of a stained wound is not limited tomicroscopic techniques and may be performed via any suitable technique.Preferably, the characteristics data collected from staining the woundmay be incorporated in the 3D model of the wound, matching particularstained areas to particular regions of the model.

Assorted hardware and software necessary to interpret and generate a 3Dscan, and that is usually provided with the devices, is also used. Suchhardware and software may preferably be configured to interface with apersonal computer. Some embodiments may also provide for a miniaturizedand/or self-contained 3D scanning device that comprises integratedsoftware and/or hardware.

In some embodiments, the 3D scanning device may be configured tointerface with a telephone or tablet computer. Some embodiments may alsoprovide for a patient to generate a 3D scan themselves (e.g., by using aKinect® sensor), sending or uploading the 3D scan or model to a serviceprovider, and having the service provider create and send a bespokewound filler 203 customized to the patient's particular wound.

Generation of a 3D Model of the Wound Filler

The 3D scanning device will preferably generate a 3D wound model of thevolume of the wound space using appropriate software. Such a 3D woundmodel is then modified to include a 3D model of the appropriate woundfiller. Suitable software includes Solidworks, Solid Edge, and other 3DCAD programs. In certain embodiments, such 3D data sets of the woundsurface volume are generated by subtracting the data set for the woundscan away from a volume larger in overall dimensions than the woundvolume dimensions. Some embodiments may provide for the generation of aninverse of the scan surface volume. the inverse of the scan surfacevolume may be generated. The data files generated may be in STL, STEP,IGES file formats, other 3D model file types, plain text files, or anysuitable file format. The words “3D model” may be generally usedthroughout the specification to describe a 3D model of the wound alone,a 3D model of the filler alone, a 3D model of the wound with filler, ora 3D surface model of the wound surface. The use of any of theabove-mentioned types of models is applicable to any of the embodimentsdescribed herein this section and elsewhere in the specification.

Preferably, the software program will modify and/or normalize the 3Dwound model obtained from the 3D scanning device so as to make it usablein 3D printing devices (as described below). For example, the softwareprogram may modify the 3D model to make the mesh manifold, removeinverted normals, and optimize detail sizes, wall thicknesses, andorientations for use in the 3D printing device. Additionally, thesoftware will preferably make the top of the 3D model flush with thesurrounding skin, although in some embodiments, it may be preferable forthe bespoke filler (and consequently, the 3D filler model) to extendabove the skin at least in part.

At this stage, attributes of the 3D model may also be modified toaccount for various factors in the wound environment or to account forparticular treatment modalities. A wound will typically contain multipleregions that may be in different stages of healing. For example, a woundmay have areas that: are exudating heavily, are infected, are bleeding,contain dead/dying tissue, are drying, are inflamed, or in various otherstates. Further, the different areas of the wound may comprise differenttypes of tissue, such as bone, cartilage, blood vessels, skin, fat, orany other organs or tissues. To effectively treat these variable tissuetypes and conditions may require different types of fillers withdifferent physical and chemical characteristics as will be described ingreater detail below.

The use of negative pressure in combination with various wound fillershas been demonstrated to effectively improve wound healing. However,such a combination is most effective when the wound filler is tailoredto most effectively apply negative pressure to a particular type ofwound. For example, as is described herein this section and elsewhere inthe specification, a filler with a desired porosity may allow for anincreased volume of fluid to be drawn from a wound at a greater rate.Additionally, as will be described in greater detail below, woundfillers may be tailored to more effectively deliver irrigant fluid to awound.

For example, and as described in further detail below, attributes of the3D model may be modified to account for different tissue types in thewound, such as exposed bone or tendon, and which may require that thewound filler be different from wound filler to be used in the treatmentof epidermal, sub-epidermal, or muscle tissue. FIG. 4, as describedabove, describes such an embodiment.

In some embodiments, a human may assist in the creation of a 3D model,leading to the construction of a bespoke wound filler, by identifyingthe properties of the various regions of the wound. Hereinafter the word“clinician” will be used to describe any human involved in the creationof the filler, however “clinician” is not limited to only medicalpractitioners, but could be a home user, general caregiver, or patient.

The clinician may contribute to the creation of a 3D model for a desiredwound filler by identifying the characteristics of the various regionsof a wound which may be treated with the wound filler, for example whileunder negative pressure. For instance, a clinician may identify areas ashighly exudating, drying, infected, or having any other conditiondescribed herein this section or elsewhere in the specification. Aclinician may further identify the tissue type of the various regions ofthe 3D model. The clinician can identify and define characteristics ofthe wound such as the shape of the wound, severity of the wound,expected closure of the wound, or any other relevant characteristic ofthe wound. The clinician may further identify the fluid modality of aparticular area of a wound, such as by identifying the level of fluidrelease from such a portion of the wound. Additionally, the cliniciancan further identify areas of the wound that would be best served by theapplication of various levels of negative pressure. Further, theclinician may identify areas that would be best served by irrigationand/or the delivery of various molecules. In addition to thecharacteristics already described, a clinician may identify any otherkey characteristics that may influence the healing and closure of awound or impact the health of a patient.

Identification of the characteristics of a wound can be performed in avariety of ways as described herein this section and elsewhere in thespecification. In some embodiments, the wound is assessed by visualinspection of the wound via computer or human recognition. In certainembodiments, the assessment of the wound is completed using chemical,physical, auditory, or energy-based assays or imaging techniques. Infurther embodiments, any suitable identification techniques may be used.

In further embodiments, the clinician may also assess additionalhealth-related factors of the patient and incorporate those factors intothe 3D wound model. For example, the clinician could identify a diabeticpatient, and recognize that their circulation may be compromised. Thus,the wound model could be altered to account for poor circulation. Inother embodiments, a clinician could recognize that a patient may beimmune compromised or have other relevant health conditions that mayaffect wound therapy treatment. The clinician may use thesehealth-related factors to modify the 3D model in any suitable manner. Inother embodiments, instead of or in additional to the clinician'scontribution to the model, the scanning software can automaticallygenerate a 3D model of the wound by automatically identifying theproperties of the various regions of the wound as any of the tissuetypes or characteristics described herein. Additionally, the 3D modelmay be modified automatically by a computer algorithm based on thegeneral health characteristics of the patient. Generally, any taskdescribed herein this section or throughout the specification as to beperformed by a clinician may also be automated to be performed via acomputing or generally automated process.

In some embodiments, the characteristics of the wound can be translatedinto data points that correspond to spatial points within the 3D model.Thus, spatial points of the 3D wound model may have corresponding woundcharacteristic data. Such wound characteristic data then may be used asa basis to modify the wound model to build in a corresponding woundfiller model or to create a separate, independent wound filler model.

As described herein this section and elsewhere in the specification, a3D wound filler model suitable for 3D printing or other custom means offabrication can be generated from the 3D model of the wound. However,the 3D model of a wound filler need not be generated from a 3D model ofa wound. Instead the 3D model of the wound filler can be designedmanually by a clinician with assigned characteristics as needed. Theclinician may use their assessment of the wound to identify and defineparticular regions of the wound filler to correspond withcharacteristics of the wound. In preferred embodiments, the wound filleris designed to facilitate the application of negative pressure to thewound and/or to irrigate the wound. In certain embodiments, theclinician may consider the long term closure of the wound in designatingthe characteristics of the wound filler. For example, the clinician mayconstruct the 3D model with the direction of closure in mind, such as byaligning the closure along the Langer lines or along a shorter axis ofthe wound.

As is described herein this section and elsewhere in the specification,the 3D wound filler model is comprised of various regions that may havevariable physical, chemical, and structural characteristics as isdesired to treat the wound. The physical, chemical, and structuralcharacteristics of the wound filler model can be determined from thecorresponding characteristics of the 3D wound model or via any processas described herein this section or elsewhere in the specification. Insome embodiments, the physical, chemical, and structural characteristicsof the wound filler model can also be assigned. The different regionsmay have significant structural differences or utilize differentmaterials as is appropriate for treatment of a wound. The differentregions may have various chemical properties as is desired for propertreatment of a wound. In preferred embodiments, the different regions ofthe wound filler are tailored for the application of negative pressureas is desired for wound healing. In some embodiments, the 3D woundfiller model is generated automatically based on characteristics of thewound, while in other embodiments the 3D wound filler information isinput manually.

In certain embodiments, a 3D model of the wound filler is created merelyfrom the spatial data contained within the 3D wound model. Such anembodiment may generate a wound filler that accommodates the width,length, and appropriate depth of a wound and could be desirable for thetreatment of an irregularly shaped wound as described above. Inpreferred embodiments, the 3D model of the wound filler is created frommultiple different wound characteristics that were incorporated into the3D model of the wound. The 3D model of the wound filler may also befurther determined by the general health-related characteristics of thepatient.

As described above, in some embodiments, the characteristics of thevarious regions of the wound filler may be determined by the anatomicallocation of the wound and the surrounding tissues. For example, a woundfiller used for the treatment of an abdominal wound may comprise a slitstructure. In another example, a region of a wound filler associatedwith a bone or tendon could be constructed from a hydrophilic materialwith a reasonably closed cell structure so as to maintain moisture inthe surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, a fine pore size in therange of about 10-350 μm may be used to maintain moisture. In stillanother example, the wound filler region in the area of a pressure ulceror highly exudating tissue may incorporate an open structure such as areticulated foam so as to better remove liquid from the tissue. In someembodiments, a larger pore size in the range of about 350-900 μm may beused to aid in liquid removal. In some embodiments, any of the poresizes disclosed in UK Application No. GB1109500.7, titled “WOUNDCONTACTING MEMBERS AND METHODS,” filed Jun. 7, 2011, and herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Open structures may also beused in areas of the wound where granulation tissue is desired.

In certain embodiments, as described above, characteristics of thevarious regions of the wound filler may be determined automaticallybased on the 3D wound model or could be assigned. In some embodiments,the characteristics may include water/vapor permeability, gaspermeability, absorption capacity, thickness, material type, materialstructure (such as number of layers), thickness/size, presence ofpharmacological additives, color, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, or anyother suitable characteristic.

The various regions of the wound filler such as determined by the 3Dwound model may comprise different materials or have differentstructural characteristics. In non-limiting embodiments, regions of thewound filler may be comprised of: various rigid, semi-rigid, or softfoams; various hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic foams; soft, conformable,and preferably resiliently flexible materials such as polymers,including thermoplastics; various biodegradable materials; cellulosematerials, superabsorbers, or other suitable materials. Suitablepolymers include ABS synthetic rubbers, various silicones such asIntegra, polyurethanes such as the Elastollan series Thermoplasticpolyurethane elastomers (TPUs) from BASF and specifically the Elastollanseries hydrophilic TPU, ethylene vinyl acetate, nylons for example Nylon618 from Taulman 3D Missouri, polyamides, and polyethylenes. TheTangoplus family of resins, e.g. Tangoplus FC930, from Stratsys havevarying levels of hardness so that structures with different degrees offlexibility and compression can be fabricated. Further examples ofpossible materials include 3D knit spacer fabrics such as thosemanufactured by Gehring Textiles. The wound filler may also includeanistropic materials such as the coil-like materials found in U.S.patent Ser. No. 10/981,119, filed Nov. 4, 2011, titled “WOUND PACKINGMATERIAL FOR USE WITH SUCTION,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,937 andhereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and hereinafterreferred to as the '937 patent. The potential repeating of individualsections of this material is described in greater detail in thefabrication section below.

As described herein this section and elsewhere in the specification, insome embodiments, the wound filler may have varied structuralcharacteristics such as porosity. In a preferred embodiment, the 3Dprinter (described further below) may control the porosity of theresulting material, either in the bespoke filler as a whole or byvarying the porosity through different sections of the device. Forexample, a wound filler with smaller pores may be preferable to minimizetissue growth or adhesion, while larger pores may be useful to promoteremoval of wound exudate from the wound. Such a configuration may thuscomprise, for example, a material with smaller pores in contact with thewound which encapsulates or is placed underneath a material with largerpores. Preferably, smaller pores may measure between about 20 to 150 μm,while larger pores may measure between 400-3000 μm or greater. Stillother pores may measure less than about 20 μm, less than about 1 μm, orbetween about 150 to 400 μm. In another example, porosity may be reducedin applications where scar tissue (resulting from excess granulationtissue) should be minimized. In some cases, the number of pores per unitarea may be reduced, for example, some embodiments may provide for awound contacting layer of the bespoke wound filler having an open areaof approximately 20%, and 1 mm diameter pore sizes. In certainembodiments, other structural characteristics may be varied within thematerial, such as to make the material open-celled with interconnectedcavities within the material and/or closed-celled. The structuralcharacteristics of the wound filler are limited only by the capabilitiesof the 3D fabrication device, and thus all manner of structures andshapes suitable for wound treatment may be used.

In some embodiments, the wound filler is tailored for the application ofnegative pressure. As described above in relation to FIG. 4, andelsewhere in the specification, the wound filler may be designed to havevarious levels of porosity. In some embodiments, the porosity may bevaried to promote liquid flow from portions of the wound via theapplication of negative pressure. To better control the application ofnegative pressure, portions of the bespoke wound filler may be made tocover portions of the anatomy from which minimal or no fluid removal isdesired. For example, some tissue types, such as exposed bone or tendon,may dry out or be adversely impacted due to the application of negativepressure therapy. Manufacturing a bespoke wound filler that has minimalor no pores when placed over such tissue anatomy may thus beadvantageous. Preferably, the bespoke wound filler is manufactured sothat other parts of the tissue anatomy in that same wound that wouldbenefit from a porous wound filler (e.g., epithelial tissue) are incontact with a material that has increased porosity.

In addition to altering the porosity of the wound filler to accommodatethe desired application of negative pressure, the wound filler maycontain flow channels that direct wound exudate drawn via negativepressure. Such flow channels may be oriented horizontally through thewound filler and/or may be oriented vertically. Regions of the fillerwhere limited or no negative pressure is desired may have few if anychannels. In certain embodiments, the material characteristics of thewound filler may also be further tailored to accommodate negativepressure such as by using hydrophobic materials like hydrophobic foam toallow for the application of negative pressure without trapping fluid.In some embodiments, hydrophilic materials may be used to trap woundexudate drawn from the surrounding wound tissues. The hydrophilicmaterials may be superabsorbers. The various regions of the wound fillermay be open celled, closed celled, or a combination of the two as isneeded to apply desired levels of negative pressure. In someembodiments, particular regions of the wound filler may be constructedas wicking layers to wick fluid in a desirable manner. As describedherein this section and elsewhere in the specification, differentregions of the wound filler may have different functions and properties,such that the application of negative pressure to various areas of thewound can be well controlled.

In some embodiments, the bulk of the wound filler comprises open-celledhydrophobic material to allow for fluid flow via the application ofnegative pressure. In certain embodiments, this significant bulk ofopen-celled hydrophobic material may be surrounded by other materialssuited for more direct contact with the wound tissues.

In some embodiments, the 3D wound filler may be tailored for theapplication of irrigation to the wound. In certain embodiments, thewound filler is connected to one or more reservoirs containing irrigantfluid. Such irrigant fluid may contain antimicrobial molecules,anti-inflammatory molecules, marking molecules, or growth factors thatpromote wound healing. Irrigant fluid may be applied simultaneously withthe application of negative pressure, such that simultaneous irrigationand aspiration is possible. In other embodiments, aspiration thenirrigation or irrigation then aspiration are sequential.

The use of irrigation may be desirable for certain regions of the wound,thus the wound filler may be tailored to best apply irrigation to thoseregions of the wound. For example, in drier areas of the wound or inareas requiring debridement via irrigation, the wound filler may beconfigured to allow greater irrigant flow to the wound. Such anapplication may include wound filler regions comprising flow channels,such as those described above in relation to negative pressure, thatdirect fluid flow towards specific portions of the wound. In otherembodiments, regions of the wound filler directed towards irrigant flowmay be more porous or be open-celled, thus allowing for greater flow ofirrigant fluid. In areas of the wound where irrigation is lessdesirable, portions of the wound filler may be made to be moreocclusive, with smaller or nonexistent pores, or a closed-cellstructure.

In some embodiments, the 3D wound filler model may be constructed suchthat the filler has different layers of material and structure. Forexample, in a penetrating wound, the filler may have layers of softermaterial deeper in the wound, with layers of more rigid material closerto the uppermost surface of the wound, thus allowing for the deeperportions of the wound to close before the portions of the wound that arecloser to the exterior. In some embodiments, the central portion of thefiller may be comprised of one material and/or structure while anexterior portion is comprised of a different material and/or structure.In further embodiments, the wound filler may be layered similar to anonion, with various layers with differing material or structuralproperties surrounding one another. In further embodiments, the layersmay be oriented in a vertical manner such that each layer comprised aflattened section in the horizontal plane.

As described above in relation to the design of the wound filler, FIGS.5A-C illustrate different views of a wound filler 302 which may comprisean anisotropic structure having a first compressive response along afirst axis and a second compressive response along a second axisperpendicular to the first axis, the second compressive response beingdifferent from the first compressive response. In one embodiment, thisstructure may be nonabsorbent, and may comprise stacked, coil-likerepeating units 302. This and other embodiments of wound fillers may bemanufactured by the 3D printer with reference to a 3D model, andexamples of such may be found in the'937 patent, incorporated into thisapplication above. The materials described in the '937 patent haveanisotropic properties, meaning that their material properties may bedimensionally dependent. For example, as described above, an anisotropicmaterial may have increased stiffness in one direction versus anotherdirection. Thus, a material with anisotropic properties such as thosedepicted in the '937 patent may collapse more readily in one directionrather than another. Such a material could be used within the wound tocontrol the compression of the wound filler in particular directions andpreferentially compress the filler to allow for improved wound closure.The material of the '937 patent is nonabsorbent, thus this material mayallow for the passage of negative pressure. In some embodiments, thematerial of '937 may further be used in combination with negativepressure strategies to direct the application of negative pressure andwound closure, in a manner consistent with the embodiments describedherein this section and elsewhere in this specification.

The materials that comprise the wound filler may be determined by thecharacteristics of a particular region of the 3D wound model or may beassigned. For example, an area of the wound that requires additionalhydration could utilize a moist hydrophilic material such as a hydrogel.An area that is highly exudating may need to be highly absorbing andhave a high water vapor evaporation. Areas with low levels of woundexudate may require a nonabsorptive material with low water vaporpermeability so as to trap moisture.

Since a 3D printer is capable of printing a wide variety of shapes, insome embodiments, the 3D model may also include a port and/or tubingsuch that the wound filler may be connected to a source of negativepressure. In further embodiments, the 3D model includes additionalsuitable articles that may be useful for wound healing.

In some embodiments, the material may be configured as a scaffoldmaterial to promote tissue ingrowth and/or bioabsorption. For example,bioabsorption can be achieved by using polyglycolic or polylactic acidsor co-polymers of these polymers, for the printing of the scaffold, andwhich then may be seeded with cells and/or cell growth promoters.Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, diagnostic agents such asradioopaque markers, and other such materials may also be incorporatedtherein. The scaffold material may be tailored to deliver a variety ofmolecules in the form of controlled delivery. For example, one region ofthe filler could deliver an antimicrobial molecule to an infected regionof tissue, while another region of the filler delivers ananti-inflammatory molecule to an inflamed region of tissue. Variousmolecules may be released in to the surrounding tissue as is merited bythe characteristics of the surrounding tissue. Released molecules arenot limited only to locally acting molecules, in some embodimentssystemically acting drugs may be released.

The wound filler is not limited to one continuous, intact structure. Thewound filler can be constructed to be in separate pieces and appliedseparately to the wound rather than as a single unit. It should beunderstood that all embodiments described herein this section orelsewhere in the specification may be generated as a single continuousstructure or as separate dividable portions. This approach isparticularly useful for dealing with undetermined structures of woundsor tunneling wounds where it may not be possible to insert a singlewound filler

In some embodiments, the wound filler may be constructed as a roundedbowl-like shape, or may comprise a rounded bowl-like shape at the bottomof the filler. This bowl-like shape can be a comprised of a singlematerial layer such as a foam bowl. In certain embodiments, the bowlcomprises one material while a remainder of the wound filler positionedabove or within the bowl comprises a different material. In someembodiments the bowl portion of the filler may be in the form of adivided separate section of the wound filler.

Fabrication of the 3D Wound Filler

Having generated the 3D model, the 3D model can be used by a 3D printingdevice to manufacture the bespoke wound filler. The 3D printing devicemay be any suitable 3D printer, including by means of example only theObjet Connex500™, the 3D Systems ZPrinter® 850, or the RepRap. In otherembodiments, wound filler fabrication may be performed using any knownwound dressing fabrication technique. The wound filler may be fabricatedfrom any materials described herein this section or elsewhere within thespecification, or any other type of suitable material. The wound fillermay be fabricated to comprise any structure described herein thissection or elsewhere within the specification, or any structure that maybe suitable for the wound filler. The wound filler may be fabricated tocomprise any characteristic described herein this section or elsewherewithin the specification, or any characteristic that may be suitable forthe wound filler.

In some embodiments, the wound filler may be fabricated separately fromthe wound and later placed within the wound. In other embodiments, thewound filler may be created directly in the wound. In still otherembodiments, a portion or portions of the wound filler may be createdseparately from the wound, while a portion or portions of the woundfiller may be created directly in the wound.

As described above, the wound filler may be fabricated via any knownfabrication technique. In some embodiments, the wound filler may befabricated via extrusion or via electrospinning techniques. The woundfiller can also be fabricated via gas blowing or localized depositiondirectly into the wound or onto a substrate.

In some embodiments, the outermost or topmost layer of the wound fillercan be comprised of a fluid impermeable polymer, such as silicone. Thisoutermost or topmost layer can overlay the top of the wound filler andextend beyond the edges of the wound. This outermost or topmost layercan further comprise an adhesive or other means for sealing theoutermost layer around the wound. In this manner, the outermost layermay function as a drape to contain the application of negative pressure.In some embodiments this outermost or topmost layer may be fabricated incombination with a biodegradable wound filler such that once the woundfiller biodegrades, the outermost layer is still intact. Similar to theabove description of the materials utilized in the design of the woundfiller, the 3D printer is configured to manufacture a bespoke fillerfrom soft, conformable, and preferably resiliently flexible materialssuch as polymers, including thermoplastics. Suitable polymers includeABS synthetic rubbers, polyurethanes for example Elastollan SP9109 fromBASF, nylons for example Nylon 618 from Taulman3D Missouri, polyamides,ethylenevinyle acetates, and polyethylenes. The Tangoplus family ofresins, e.g. Tangoplus FC930, from Stratsys have varying levels ofhardness so that structures with different degrees of flexibility andcompression can be fabricated. In further embodiments, the materialsutilized to construct the wound filler and other components of the woundtreatment system encompass all materials disclosed in this section andelsewhere in the specification.

As described above in relation to the design of the wound filler, insome embodiments, the 3D printer may be capable of depositing materialsor using materials that form a porous configuration. In someembodiments, the materials may be harder, and may include porousscaffolding materials such as hydroxyapatite that promote tissue growth.The 3D printer may be configured to use multiple materials so as to forma bespoke wound filler composed of multiple devices. In someembodiments, the 3D printer is capable of manufacturing a bespoke woundfiller consisting of a repeating building block, for example thebuilding blocks described herein this section and elsewhere in thespecification.

Some embodiments may also provide for regions of the wound filler to beconstructed from repeating building blocks. The use of repeatingbuilding blocks may be advantageous during manufacture because thesebuilding blocks could be replicated over and over again within the modelallowing for an easier and more efficient creation of structures withinthe filler. Further, the use of building blocks may allow for the 3Dfabrication device and/or the associated software to operate moreefficiently. For example, the use of building blocks may allow thefabrication device to move through tight, specified patterns and limitthe required movement and energy consumption of the device. In someembodiments, the repeating unit may be comprised of any physical,chemical, or structural characteristics as described herein this sectionor elsewhere in the specification. Different regions of the wound fillermay be comprised of different building blocks, allowing for a complexconstruction of layered and/or stacked building blocks of differenttypes. For example, one region comprising a repeating building block mayutilize building blocks of foam having a desired porosity, structure orother characteristics. A second region may comprise repeating buildingblocks made from a different material such as the coil-like materialdescribed in '937 patent and depicted as 302 in FIGS. 5A-C. Based on the3D model, repeating blocks may have different characteristics forpositioning in different parts of the wound. The software for the 3Dprinter or other fabrication device may set the contours of the 3D modelas the limits for a repeating building block and repeat the buildingblock in three dimensions until it reaches the limit of a contour.

Preferably, for small details, the 3D printer can manufacture details ina range of at least about: 5 μm, 10 μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, 50 μm, 55 μm, 60 μm, 65 μm, 70 μm, 75 μm, 80 μm, 85μm, 90 μm, 95 μm or 100 μm. Details between 30-50 μm may be conducive toobtaining good tissue growth. In some embodiments, the 3D printer isconfigured to manufacture bespoke wound fillers as detailed in PCTApplication PCT/GB2012/000489, filed Jun. 7, 2012, titled “WOUNDCONTACTING MEMBERS AND METHODS, APPARATUSES, SYSTEMS AND KITSINCORPORATING THE SAME,” published as WO20122168678 and which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Applying the Bespoke Wound Filler

As is described herein this section and elsewhere in the specification,the bespoke wound filler may be applied to a wound in combination withother conventional wound healing related articles, such as a drape,vacuum source, foam, tubing, reservoir, bandage, adhesive, or any otherarticles suitable for the treatment of wound. In certain embodiments thebespoke wound filler may be combined with other wound fillers, such as abowl-shaped foam that may be placed underneath the wound filler asdescribed above. In some embodiments, these other wound healing articlesmay be constructed alongside the wound filler via suitable 3Dfabrication equipment. In certain embodiments, these other wound carearticles or components may be fabricated as attached to the bespokewound filler to form a wound treatment apparatus.

FIGS. 6A-B illustrate different views of a wound treatment apparatuscomprising a wound filler, similar to the wound treatment apparatusesand wound fillers described herein this section and elsewhere in thespecification. FIG. 6A illustrates a wound treatment apparatuscomprising a bespoke wound filler 401 as described herein this sectionand elsewhere in the specification. The wound treatment apparatusfurther comprises an opening 403, which may be connected to a source ofnegative pressure such as a suitable pump or other related structuressuch as a port or filter. One example of a suitable pump is the RenasysEZ pump available from Smith & Nephew. The apparatus may furthercomprise a flat sealed surface 405 that allows for sealing of the drape407. In some embodiments, the flat sealed surface immediately surroundsthe opening 403, such that the drape 407 can seal around the opening403. In certain embodiments, the flat sealed surface could be extendedto the wound edge or beyond and sealing strips applied as is describedin the PICO system available from Smith & Nephew. In some embodiments,the drape 407 may extend beyond the edges of the wound and may be sealedto the edges of the wound via any suitable means such as via anadhesive, or via sealing strips such as those disclosed above.

Similar to the apparatus described in FIG. 6A and elsewhere in thespecification, FIG. 6B illustrates a wound treatment apparatuscomprising a bespoke wound filler 401 as described herein this sectionand elsewhere in the specification. The wound treatment apparatusfurther comprises an opening 403, which may be connected to a source ofnegative pressure such as a suitable pump. The apparatus may furthercomprise a flat sealed surface 405 that allows for sealing of the drape407. The apparatus also comprises an integral port 409 to allow for easeof connection to a source of negative pressure. The port, as with all ofthe components described in relation to FIGS. 6A-B, may be fabricateddirectly via 3D fabrication techniques. In some embodiments, the bespokewound filler 401 is fabricated directly attached to the port 409.

In certain embodiments, to aid the clinician in the proper orientationof the bespoke wound filler, marks may be printed on the wound filler ordermis surface such that it allows the clinician to properly orient andplace the filler within the wound. These marks may be arrows, lines,words, or any other marking that will aid in placement of the filler. Incertain embodiments, anatomical terms or general terms may be used tomark the filler, for example, words such as “foot,” “head,” or “distal”may be used to direct the clinician in any desirable manner. In certainembodiments, marks are also made on the tissue surrounding the wound toallow for ease of orientation of the filler and wound treatment system

In some embodiments, the bespoke wound filler may be replaced multipletimes over the course of closure of a wound. The wound filler can bereplaced with another fabricated wound filler that may be better suitedto the wound at this later stage in the healing process. For example, awound filler inserted earlier in the healing process may comprisebioactive molecules that are primarily directed towards the earlyinflammatory stages of the host response to a wound while a later woundfiller may comprise bioactive molecules that are better suited to latterstage tissue repair. In other embodiments, wound fillers of variousshapes may be used at different stages of the wound healing process. Forexample, a larger wound filler could be used earlier in the healingprocess before much closure of the wound has occurred. At a later time,once the wound has closed to some degree, a smaller wound filler may beused as it may be better suited to the wound. The wound filler could bereplaced after at least about: 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24hours, 2 days, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, or more than28 days.

In some embodiments, the methods and apparatuses described above can beapplied to create a 3D model for a wound dressing that need not fill awound, but may be placed over a wound (such as with an incisionalwound). For example, a 3D model for an entire or portion of a wounddressing may be constructed having multiple layers, each with discreteproperties, such as described with respect to the multiple applicationsincorporated above regarding wound treatment apparatuses and methodsincorporating absorbent materials. The layers may be customized by themodel to optimize certain properties, such as absorbency, fluidtransfer, etc., based on the type, size and characteristics of the woundbeing treated and the treatment modality (e.g., negative pressure woundtherapy). The 3D printing methods or other techniques as described abovemay then be used to fabricate the wound dressing.

Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunctionwith a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood tobe applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example describedherein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed inthis specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract anddrawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process sodisclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations whereat least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. Theprotection is not restricted to the details of any foregoingembodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novelcombination, of the features disclosed in this specification (includingany accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, orany novel combination, of the steps of any method or process sodisclosed.

While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments havebeen presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit thescope of protection. Indeed, the novel methods and systems describedherein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, variousomissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods andsystems described herein may be made. Those skilled in the art willappreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in theprocesses illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shown inthe figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps describedabove may be removed, others may be added. Furthermore, the features andattributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combinedin different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fallwithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Although the present disclosure includes certain embodiments, examplesand applications, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatthe present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosedembodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obviousmodifications and equivalents thereof, including embodiments which donot provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein.Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to belimited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein, andmay be defined by claims as presented herein or as presented in thefuture.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of manufacturing a bespoke tissue treatment apparatus for use in treating a damaged region of tissue, the method comprising: scanning a tissue location to obtain a three-dimensional model of an area to be treated; modifying the three-dimensional model of the area to be treated to generate a three-dimensional model of a bespoke tissue treatment apparatus using a repeating building block, wherein said modifying accounts for attributes of the tissue location and for a treatment modality; and fabricating a bespoke tissue treatment apparatus based on the generated three-dimensional model of the filler.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the three-dimensional model of an area to be treated is obtained using a device selected from the group consisting of laser scanners, stereo-optical scanners, and cameras with depth sensors.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the area to be treated comprises bone.
 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the area to be treated comprises a ligament.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the three-dimensional model of an area to be treated comprises repeating blocks having different characteristics for positioning in different parts of the area to be treated.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein modifying the three-dimensional model of an area to be treated accounts for one or more tissue types present in the area to be treated.
 32. The method of claim 26, wherein the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus is fabricated with a three-dimensional printer.
 33. The method of claim 26, wherein generating the three-dimensional model of an area to be treated comprises determining a suitable porosity for the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus.
 34. The method of claim 26, wherein the three-dimensional model of the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus has variable porosity.
 35. The method of claim 26, wherein fabricating the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus comprises fabricating a first portion of the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus using a first porosity, and fabricating a second portion of the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus using a second porosity, the first porosity being smaller than the second porosity.
 36. The method of claim 26, wherein the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus is fabricated from a polymer.
 37. The method of claim 26, wherein the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus is fabricated from a porous scaffolding material.
 38. The method of claim 26, further comprising seeding the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus with one or more of cells or cell growth promoters.
 39. The method of claim 26, wherein the bespoke tissue treatment apparatus is fabricated from two or more different materials.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the first porosity comprises pores measuring between about 20 to 150 μm and the second porosity comprises pores measuring between about 400-3000 μm. 